Thursday, November 4, 2021

100 Years Since the Birth of Princess Fawzia of Egypt, Eventual Queen of Iran

Queen Fawzia of Iran, Princess of Egypt.
Queen Fawzia of Iran in 1942, photographed by Cecil Beaton.
The Queen of Iran.
A century ago today, Princess Fawzia of Egypt was born. She was the daughter, sister, and aunt of successive kings of Egypt. Fawzia was also the first wife of the last Shah of Iran.
Left to right: Princess Faiza, Princess Faika, Princess Fawzia, and Prince Farouk.
A young princess. 
On 5 November 1921, Princess Fawzia bint Fuad of Egypt was born at the Ras el-Tin Palace in Alexandria. The princess was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I of Egypt) and his second wife Nazli Sabri. Princess Fawzia had four full siblings: King Farouk I of Egypt (1920-1965), Princess Faiza (1923-1994), Princess Faika (1926-1983), and Princess Fathia (1930-1976). From her father's first marriage to Princess Shivakiar Ibrahim, Princess Fawzia had two older half-siblings: Prince Ismail (1896-1897) and Princess Fawkia (1897-1974). Princess Fawzia and her younger sisters were raised in the sheltered environment of the Egyptian royal court. In mid-1938, the engagement of Princess Fawzia to Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran was finalised.
Princess Fawzia of Egypt and Crown Prince Mohamed Reza of Iran.
Abdin Palace, Cairo.
A commemorative medallion issued to celebrate the union of the Iranian heir and the Egyptian princess.
On 15 March 1939, Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran and Princess Fawzia of Egypt were married at the Abeen Palace in Cairo. The wedding was the first time that the pair had met one another. Their marriage was a politically-motivated match; love was not a factor. The union of the couple was the culmination of a wish to cement ties between a Sunni Muslim dynasty (Egypt) and a Shi'i Muslim dynasty (Iran) in the region. After their marriage in the Egyptian capital, the couple traveled to Iran, accompanied by the bride's mother Queen Nazli and her sisters. 
The newlyweds.
Left to right: Princess Shams of Iran, Princess Ashraf of Iran, the Duke of Aosta, Queen Nazli of Egypt with her daughter Princess Fawzia, the Countess of Athlone.
Front row, left to right: Princess Ashraf of Iran, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk of Iran, Princess Fawzia, and Princess Shams.
In Tehran, further celebrations surrounding the wedding of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess were held. A second marriage ceremony for Mohammed Reza and Fawzia took place at the Marble Palace. The festivities were attended by some foreign royalties, including the Earl and Countess of Athlone as well as the Duke of Aosta. Mohammed Reza spoke Persian and French while Fawzia spoke Turkish and French. Therefore, husband and wife conversed in French.
Crown Prince Mohammed Reza and Crown Princess Fawzia with their daughter Princess Shahnaz.
The Shah and Queen of Iran with their daughter in Tehran. Photographed by Cecil Beaton in the mid-1940s.
Queen Fawzia of Iran and her daughter Princess Shahnaz.
On 27 October 1940 at Tehran, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi of Iran was born as the only child of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Iran. In 1941, Fawzia's father-in-law was deposed, and her husband became the Shah of Iran. With this, Fawzia became the Queen of Iran. However, as is the case with some arranged marriages, the union was not a happy one. Fawzia greatly missed her homeland and suffered from depression as a result of her isolation at the Iranian court. Queen Tadj ol-Molouk did not treat her daughter-in-law very kindly, and Fawzia was not welcomed by her sisters-in-law either. It came as no surprise that Queen Fawzia moved back to Cairo in 1945, where she obtained an Egyptian divorce from the Shah. The termination of the union became final when an Iranian divorce was granted to the Shah and Queen in 1948. After this, Fawzia reverted to her title as Princess of Egypt.
Ismail Chirine and Princess Fawzia, 1949.
Ismail Chirine and Princess Fawzia with their daughter Nadia and their son Hussein.
On 28 March 1949, Princess Fawzia of Egypt married Colonel Ismail Hussein Chirine (1919-1997). The couple had two children: Nadia Chirine (1950-2009; married firstly Yusuf Shabaan; married secondly Mustafa Rashid) and Hussein Chirine (1955-2016). Theirs was a happy coupling. Fawzia remained in Egypt after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952.
Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi and her mother Princess Fawzia of Egypt in the 1970s.
Princess Fawzia with her only son, Hussein Chirine.
Aged ninety-one, Princess Fawzia of Egypt died at Alexandria, Egypt, on 2 July 2013. She was ninety-one years-old. The princess was buried in Cairo next to her second husband.

Adieu to a Doyenne of the Gotha: Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein (1923-2021)

Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein on the occasion of her 95th birthday. Photo courtesy of Fürst Alexander zu Schaumburg-Lippe / Stiftung Louisenlund.

On Monday, 1 November 2021, Dowager Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein died peacefully at her home of Gut Bienebek in Holstein. She was ninety-eight years-old. The four children of the duchess were by her side when she died in her sleep; after her passing, the family released a brief statement: "In deep sorrow and full of love we say goodbye to our mother, grandmother and great-grandmother and look back on her eventful and fulfilled life with respect and immense gratitude."

The wedding of Prince Stephan zu Schaumburg-Lippe and Duchess Ingeborg of Oldenburg, 1921.
Prince Stephan and Princess Ingeborg with Princess Marie-Alix and infant Prince Georg-Moritz. Photo (c) David McIntosh.
Born on 2 April 1923 at Bückeburg, Princess Marie-Alix of Schaumburg-Lippe was the first child and only daughter of Prince Stephan of Schaumburg-Lippe (1891-1965) and Duchess Ingeborg of Oldenburg (1901-1996), who married in 1921. Marie-Alix was followed by a younger brother, Prince Georg-Moritz of Schaumburg-Lippe (1924-1970), who sadly was killed in a automobile accident at the age of forty-six. As her father Stephan was a German diplomat, Marie-Alix lived with her family in Sofia, Bulgaria; Rome, Italy; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Santiago, Chile. After the end of World War II, Marie-Alix spent time with her maternal Oldenburg relations in Lensahn, Ostholstein.
Fürst Georg zu Schaumburg-Lippe.
Fürstin Marie zu Schaumburg-Lippe.
Grand Duke Friedrich August II of Oldenburg.
Grand Duchess Elisabeth of Oldenburg.

The paternal grandparents of Marie-Alix were Fürst Georg of Schaumburg-Lippe (1846-1911) and his wife Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg (1864-1918). Her maternal grandparents were Grand Duke Friedrich August II of Oldenburg (1851-1932) and his second wife Duchess Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1869-1955). Marie-Alix was a first cousin of Duke Anton-Günther of Oldenburg, Fürstin Eilika of Leiningen, Fürst Wittekind of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Fürstin Guda of Wied, and Fürst Philipp-Ernst of Schaumburg-Lippe.

Duke Peter of Schleswig-Holstein. Photo (c) David McIntosh.
Prince Friedrich Ferdinand zu Schaumburg-Lippe and Princess Marie Melita zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg on their wedding day.
Left to right: Duke Friedrich Ferdinand, Prince Peter, and Princess Marie-Alix. Photo (c) David McIntosh.
On 9 October 1947 at Glücksburg, Princess Marie-Alix married Prince Friedrich Ernst Peter of Schleswig-Holstein (1922-1980). Peter was the third child and son of Duke Friedrich Ferdinand of Schleswig-Holstein (1891-1965) and his wife Princess Marie Melita of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1899-1967). Peter and Marie-Alix were third cousins; they were both descendants of Fürst Georg of Schaumburg-Lippe (1784-1860) and his wife Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1796-1869). Peter and Marie-Alix made their home at Gut Bienebek, Rendsburg-Eckernförde. Aged fifty-seven, Marie-Alix became a widow in 1980 when her husband Peter died at the rather young age of fifty-eight. The duchess remained devoted to Schleswig-Holstein from her marriage until her last breath.
Left to right: Princess Marita, Prince Alexander, Duke Christoph, and Princess Ingeborg. Photo (c) David McIntosh.
Princess Barbara with her mother-in-law Duchess Marie-Alix at the wedding of Hereditary Prince Bernhard of Baden, 2001. Photo (c) Seeger-Presse.
Duchess Marie-Alix together with her son Duke Christoph and daughter-in-law Duchess Elisabeth attend the funeral of Fürst Philipp-Ernst zu Schaumburg-Lippe, 2003.
Duke Peter and Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein had four children, two girls and two boys: Princess Marita (b.1948; married in 1975 to Baron Wilfried von Plotho), Duke Christoph (b.1949; married in 1981 to Princess Elisabeth zur Lippe-Weissenfeld), Prince Alexander (b.1953; married in 1994 to Barbara Beata Fertsch), and Princess Ingeborg (b.1956; married in 1991 to Nikolaus Broschek). 
Birthday cheers! Duchess Marie-Alix celebrates her 95th birthday surrounded by students of Louisenlund while her daughter Princess Ingeborg happily looks at her much loved mother. Photo (c) Stiftung Louisenlund.
Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein was a co-founder of the Louisenlund Foundation in 1949. This institution was envisioned by her father-in-law Duke Friedrich Ferdinand, and its mission was made a reality by continued support from her husband Duke Peter, her son Duke Christoph, and her daughter Princess Ingeborg. According to its website, Louisenlund "has created a school system with learning and teaching methods which prepare students for the future. To be equipped for the future students must develop social awareness and a strong personality. Since the very beginning, the private foundation, Louisenlund has strived to achieve a holistic education for its students. Moreover, Louisenlund is embedded in a network of international contacts and partner schools. Around 440 students benefit from an education in a global environment whilst enjoying, at the same time the familiar atmosphere of the campus." Princess Ingeborg, the youngest child of the duchess, is the current chairperson of the foundation's Board of Governors as well as of the Board of Trustees. The original uniform of Louisenlund students was created from a blue sweater out of Duke Friedrich Ferdinand's wardrobe and a red sock from his daughter-in-law Duchess Marie-Alix's closet which served as the collar.
Fürst Friedrich Wilhelm of Hohenzollern and Duchess Marie-Alix at the wedding of Hereditary Prince Bernhard of Baden, 2001.
Duchess Marie-Alix with her children Princess Ingeborg and Duke Christoph attend the memorial service for Fürst Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 2004.
Princess Marianne of Baden and Duchess Marie-Alix attend the funeral of Prince Georg Wilhelm of Hannover, 2006. Photo (c) Seeger-Presse.
For many decades, Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein was the Vice-President of the regional branch of the German Red Cross in Holstein. As shown by her dedication to the Louisenlund Foundation, the duchess was particularly keen on the betterment of young people and youth development.
Duchess Marie-Alix, her son Duke Christoph, and her daugher-in-law Duchess Elisabeth at the wedding of Prince Philipp of Hesse, 2006.
Photo (c) Seeger-Presse / Albert Nieboer.
Duchess Marie-Alix of Schleswig-Holstein is survived by her four children, by her nine grandchildren, and by her (at least) five great-grandchildren.
The duchess in 2004.
May Marie-Alix Rest in Peace. Sources:

Wednesday, November 3, 2021

Brazilian Royals Celebrate Union of Prince Pedro Alberto and Princess Alessandra

Prince Pedro Alberto and Princess Alessandra at the altar. Photo (c) Princess Maria Gabriela of Orleans and Bragança.
Over the weekend, members of the Brazilian imperial family gathered at Petropolis as Prince Pedro Alberto de Orleans e Bragança and his wife Princess Alessandra renewed their wedding vows. Pedro Alberto and Alessandra celebrated their marriage on 3 July 2021 in Rio de Janeiro. Pedro Alberto (b.1988) is the son of Prince Alberto de Orleans e Bragança (b.1957) and Princess Maritza (b.1961; née Ribas Bokel). Pedro Alberto is a grandson of Prince Pedro Henrique of Brazil (1909-1981) and Princess Maria Elisabeth of Bavaria (1914-2011). Alessandra Haegler Fragoso Pires (b.1994) is the daughter of Rafael Fragoso Pires (1957-2020) and Bettina Alessandra Haegler.

Prince Antonio, Princess Maria Gabriela, and Princess Christine. Photo (c) Pro Monarquia.
Prince Rafael, Prince Antonio, two unidentified gentleman (likely Princes of Orleans and Braganza), and Hereditary Prince Henri de Ligne. Photo (c) Pro Monarquia.
Prince Imperial Bertrand of Brazil and Prince Michel de Ligne in the centre. Photo (c) Pro Monarquia.

Our best wishes to Prince Pedro Alberto and Princess Alessandra!

Sunday, October 31, 2021

The Tragic Tale of a Forgotten American Princess: Lois Radziwill

Lois Evans Olson Radziwill.

Over the centuries, many American women have married into European royal and noble families. One of the most unknown is Princess Lois Radziwill. Everyone knows of Caroline Lee Bouvier, who married Prince Stanislaw Radziwill in 1959. Understandably, very few are aware of Lois, who married Stanislaw's first cousin once removed in 1950.

The birth certificate of Lois Lorine Evans.

Irvin and Hazel Evans with their daughter Lois, 1928.

On 10 February 1928 at Minot, North Dakota, Lois Lorine (later changed to "Lorraine") Evans was born as the first child of Endre Irvin Evans (1900-1966) and his wife Hazel Viola Hills (1903-1995). Lois Evans had four younger siblings: Joyce Arlene Evans (1929-1995), Irvin Howard Evans (1932-2003), Marilyn Jean Evans (1936-1991), and Yvonne Lee Evans (1944-2011). Lois Evan's paternal grandparents were born in Norway: Edward Gilbert Evensen (1866-1938) and Inga Marie Iversdatter Sollid (1871-1949). Her maternal grandparents were Adrian Bloomer Hills (1879-1965) and Rena Susan Muir (1880-1959).

Lois Evans photographed in a bridal veil around the time of her marriage to sailor George Olson, 1945. Photo (c) The Bismarck Tribune.

Lois was raised in Bismarck, ND. Her father worked as a foreman at a crematorium. Lois began her high school studies in Bismarck, but she moved west and graduated in 1945 from high school in Santa Monica, California. In 1944, her parents had relocated to California. Aged eighteen, Lois Evans married George Conrad Olson, a member of the US Navy and the son of Mr. and Mrs. Horace Olson of Minnesota, on 1 December 1945 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The marriage was of short duration; however, it is uncertain as to when or if it was terminated legally. A girlfriend of Lois, Mrs. Beatrice Johnson Betts, who was an attendant at Lois' wedding to George Conrad, was not certain as to the particulars surrounding the end of the Olson/Evans marriage. Reportedly, Lois moved to New York and worked as a model before going to Paris to study fashion design. 

Princess Lois Radziwill on holiday in Rome, July 1950.

While in France, Lois met Prince Wladislaw Jerzy Gogislaw Radziwill (1881-1963) at a dinner party in December 1949 at Cannes. The prince was the only child of Prince Karol Radziwill (1839-1907) and Princess Teresa Lubomirska (1857-1883). His great-grandparents were Prince Antoni Radziwill (1775-1833) and Princess Luise of Prussia (1770-1836).

Prince Wladislaw and Princess Lois Radziwill.
On 7 April 1950, the sixty-eight year-old Polish prince and the twenty-two year-old American model were married at Neuilly near Paris. Wladislaw and Lois had known one another for four months. In an interview with the New York Daily News, Lois stated: "It's true that he was much older than I was, but he is a striking man, so polished and suave; so considerate, too. He is one of the most famous big game hunters in the world and he shot 24 elephants. He fascinated and intrigued me. He was a hero." The princess from humble origins had to quickly adapt to her new husband's social circle. "Just a day ago I was plain Lois Evans Olson and now look at me, a princess, I thought to myself. When people went on calling me princess I could not believe it because I never considered myself to be anything else than what I was - an American girl." However, Lois quickly discovered that her parents were not initially keen on her marriage to a (much older) nobleman. "My people are old-fashioned, small-town folks. They dreamed about a church wedding for me, to someone of my own kind. Eventually they learned about my marriage through my sister. There were real fireworks by cable and mail but finally they realised I was happy and reconciled themselves to the idea." According to Lois, she and Wladislaw were quite happily for a brief period. "I am a good skier and I spent a great deal of time without my husband in Switzerland." Prince Wladislaw seemed to understand, but then, according to Princess Lois, one evening the couple had a row in Paris. It was over a very trivial matter: Lois wanted them to go have dinner at one of her favourite restaurants, and Wladislaw did not want to go. One imagines that there were many more complications in this relationship to explain the events that followed. Princess Lois Radziwill left Paris for New York for three months. When she returned to France, Prince Wladislaw and she agreed to a Mexican divorce. The divorce occurred in late 1951, according to press reports. Lois noted: "He [Wladislaw] is wonderful and we'll be friends until we die. But a marriage is a 50-50 proposition, and I wanted a normal life." Upon reflection, Lois offered this small piece of advice for young American women: "Stop dreaming about becoming a princess. Just stay where you are and what you are. It's best."
Lois Radizill. Photo (c) Ebbs Breuer.
The life of Princess Lois Radziwill after 1951 is a sad story. In 1952, Lois was living in Los Angeles, where several of her friends were charged with stealing jewels at a party in which Lois was also present. In 1954, Lois filed a lawsuit in a Manhattan court against industrialist Alexander Berglas for $2,000,000. The reasons for the suit were never publicly disclosed. On 18 June 1955, Lois was arrested at her 732 South Normandie Avenue apartment in Los Angeles by a vice squad, consisting of two detectives, one of whom recalled the former princess showing them a fresh needle mark on her arm and confirming that she had just given herself a "fix." She was released on a $2,500 bond. Upon reflection, it seems as though the young woman had definitely developed a substance abuse issue. In early July, before her arraignment, she was admitted to Los Angeles General Hospital after apparently overdosing on pills. On 13 October 1955, Lois Evans Radziwill pleaded guilty to possession of heroin in a Los Angeles court. She was twenty-seven years-old. In November, Superior Judge Allen T. Lynch sentenced Lois Evans Radziwill to a one to ten year term at the California State Prison for Women at Corona. 
What became of Princess Lois Radziwill afterward is not known by this author.

The Rudy Wedding Anniversary of the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry

 
The Duke and Duchess.

Today, the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry celebrate their fortieth wedding anniversary.

Richard and Elizabeth with their three eldest children, 1993.
Photo (c) Alamy.

On 31 October 1981, Richard Montagu-Douglas-Scott, then Earl of Dalkeith, married Lady Elizabeth Kerr. The groom was the eldest child and son of the Duke and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry. The bride was the daughter of the Marquess and Marchioness of Lothian. Richard and Elizabeth have four children: Lady Louise (b.1982; married Rupert Trotter); Walter, Earl of Dalkeith (b.1984; married Elizabeth Cobbe); Lord Charles (b.1987); and Lady Amabel (b.1992). After the death of his father John in 2007, Richard succeeded as 10th Duke of Buccleuch and 12th Duke of Queensberry. 

Our congratulations to the Duke and Duchess on their Ruby Wedding Anniversary!

Friday, October 29, 2021

Princess Leonie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Turns 35!

Today, Princess Leonie of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach celebrates her thirty-fifth birthday.

Princess Leonie held by her grandmother Hereditary Grand Duchess Elisabeth of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and surrounded by her aunt Princess Elisabeth, her parents Prince Michael and Princess Dagmar, and her aunt Princess Beatrice.

Born on 30 October 1986 at Frankfurt, Princess Leonie Mercedes Augusta Silva Elisabeth Margarethe of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach is the only child of Prince Michael Benedikt of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b.1946) and his wife Princess Dagmar (b.1948; née Hennings), who married in 1980. At her baptism, Princess Leonie received Countess Silvia von Wedel as a godmother. Leonie's paternal grandparents were Hereditary Grand Duke Carl-August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and his wife Hereditary Grand Duchess Elisabeth (née Baroness von Wangenheim-Winterstein). Leonie's maternal grandparents were Heinrich Hennings and Margarethe Schacht.

Princess Leonie with her parents at the wedding of Hereditary Prince Hubertus and Hereditary Princess Kelly of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 2009.
Photo (c) Alamy.

Leonie's education began at the well-known Schule Schloss Salem, the establishment founded by Kurt Hahn and attended by the late Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Sofía of Spain. The princess went on to receive her bachelors in media and cultural studies from the University of Arts London. Leonie is a reporter. 

After the tragic death of her cousin Prince Georg-Constantin in June 2018, her father Prince Michael, who is the Head of House Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, decided that Princess Leonie would become the inheritor of the family properties and charitable associations after Michael's death. The Grand Ducal House is governed by Salic law, and thus Leonie is not currently able to succeed as Head of the House after her father. The princess was very close to her cousin Georg-Constantin; Leonie and Georg-Constantin often spoke about the Klassik Stiftung Weimar, an important cultural heritage organisation of which Leonie had become a trustee of in January 2018. It was noted by the press that at Georg-Constantin's funeral his cousin was dressed in deep mourning. Although she is a very discreet person, one hopes that Princess Leonie will be allowed to carry on the legacy of the Grand Ducal House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in an official capacity at some point.

Our best wishes to the Princess on her birthday!

 

Wednesday, October 27, 2021

Prince Andreas zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1938-2021), Nephew of the Duke of Edinburgh

The late Prince Andreas.
At the age of eighty-two, Prince Andreas zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg passed away today, 28 October. The prince was a first cousin of the Prince of Wales, among others. 
 
Prince Andreas and Princess Luise with their nephew Fürst Philipp.
Born at Schäbisch-Hall on 24 November 1938, Prince Georg Andreas Heinrich zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg was the second son and third child of Fürst Gottfried zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1897-1960) and his wife Princess Margarita of Greece and Denmark (1905-1981), the eldest sister of the Duke of Edinburgh. On 9 September 1968, Andreas married Princess Luise von Schönburg-Waldenburg (b.1943), the youngest of the four daughters of Prince Georg Ulrich von Schönburg-Waldenburg and Countess Pauline zu Castell-Castell.
 
Fürstin Eilika zu Leiningen, Fürst Friedrich Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, and Princess Luise and Prince Andreas at the wedding of Hereditary Prince Bernhard of Baden.
Photo (c) Seeger-Presse.
Brothers: Fürst Kraft and Prince Andreas on the occasion of Kraft's 65th birthday.
Photo (c) Seeger-Presse.
Prince Andreas walks his daughter Princess Katharina down the aisle on her wedding day.
Photo (c) Seeger-Presse.
The couple lived in Munich and had two daughters: Princess Katharina (b.1972; married to Prince Nikolaus zu Waldeck und Pyrmont) and Princess Tatjana (b.1975; widow of Hubertus Stephan). 
 
Prince Andreas zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg at the funeral of his brother Fürst Kraft.

The prince was predeceased by his four siblings: Fürst Kraft zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1935-2004), Princess Beatrix (1936-1997), and the twins Prince Albrecht (1944-1992) and Prince Rupprecht (1944-1978). He is survived by his wife, by his two daughters and one son-in-law, and by his grandchildren.

May He Rest In Peace ...

From left: Prince Peter, Hereditary Prince Hubertus, Prince Alexander, Princess Stephanie, Prince Andreas of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha, Fürst Philipp of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Clemens of Saxony, Princess Louise and Prince Andreas of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.

Featured Post

The House of Plantagenet: Secrets, Scandals, and the Kings Who Shaped England!

  The House of Plantagenet was a significant royal dynasty that ruled England from 1154 until 1485. This era was marked by notable kings, te...

Popular Posts